Texas winter wx thread (2009-2010)

[DentonGal]

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION...UPDATED
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORMAN OK
1031 AM CST SUN JAN 10 2010

.UPDATE...
OVERALL FORECAST LOOKS GOOD SO NO UPDATES PLANNED AT THIS TIME.
TEMPS WARMING QUICKLY IN NW OK THIS MORNING ON THE SOUTHWEST
WINDS. MOST LOCATIONS STILL EXPECTED TO WARM ABOVE FREEZING TODAY.

MAXWELL
&&

.PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 525 AM CST SUN JAN 10 2010/

AVIATION...
12Z TAFS... VFR WITH ONLY CIRRUS ANTICIPATED. S-SSW WINDS BECOMING
GUSTY FOR A WHILE LATER TODAY BEFORE DROPPING AGAIN THIS EVENING.
WINDS IN NW OK WILL BEGIN TO COME AROUND TO NW LATE TONIGHT AS SFC
FRONT/TROF MOVE INTO THE AREA.

PREV DISCUSSION... /ISSUED 413 AM CST SUN JAN 10 2010/

DISCUSSION...
GENERAL FORECAST TRENDS REMAIN THE SAME BUT THERE ARE A COUPLE
DETAILS THAT WARRANT A LITTLE MORE ATTENTION THIS MORNING. THESE
MAINLY INVOLVE THE RESILIENCE OF THE CANADIAN AIR... DESPITE
UPCOMING CHANGES IN THE LONGWAVE PATTERN THAT WOULD SEEM TO FAVOR
CHOKING IT OFF FOR A WHILE.

ANOTHER COLD MORNING TODAY... BUT AT LEAST WE FINALLY MANAGED TO GET
OUR SW ZONES ABOVE FREEZING FOR A WHILE YESTERDAY. WE SHOULD GET ALL
OF THE CWA ABOVE FREEZING THIS AFTERNOON. WARMING TREND WILL
CONTINUE IN GENERAL THROUGH AT LEAST MIDWEEK AS THE WESTERN UPPER
RIDGE MIGRATES E TO THE PLAINS. THERE WILL BE A BRIEF INTERRUPTION
TO THE WARMUP AS COOLER AIR COMES BACK IN MONDAY-TUESDAY IN WAKE
OF A SHORTWAVE TROF NOW MOVING SE INTO THE N PLAINS. THERE IS
STILL A 1042-MB ARCTIC HIGH ANCHORED N OF AK... WITH RIDGING POKING
DOWN TOWARD MANITOBA. SOME OF THIS AIR WILL BE PULLED S BEHIND THE
COLD FRONT MOVING THROUGH ON MONDAY... AND SO THE WARMING TREND
MAY PLATEAU ON MONDAY NIGHT-TUESDAY BEFORE RESUMING TUESDAY NIGHT-
WEDNESDAY. SOUTHERN-BRANCH SYSTEM TUE-WED LIKELY TO BE TOO FAR S
AND TOO WEAK TO HAVE MUCH AFFECT HERE. INCREASING WESTERLIES
ACROSS THE S ROCKIES ON WED WILL ENHANCE LEE TROUGHING AND S
WINDS... AND TEMPS MAY ACTUALLY CLIMB ABOVE CLIMATOLOGY FOR A
CHANGE AS WE SCOUR OUT WHAT IS LEFT OF THE COLD AIR.

TROUGH MOVING ONTO THE W COAST EARLY WED WILL DIG SE INTO N MEXICO
AND S TX BY LATE WEEK WITH SFC CYCLOGENESIS OVER THE N GULF.
EVOLUTION OF THIS SYSTEM HAS EL NINO WRITTEN ALL OVER IT. THUS A
WET SPELL AND POTENTIAL HEAVY RAIN FOR AREAS FROM TX E ACROSS THE
GULF STATES LATE WEEK/WEEKEND. THE SYSTEM MAY TRACK TOO FAR S TO
BRING APPRECIABLE PRECIP TO OUR AREA. WE WILL CONTINUE WITH
HIGHEST POPS IN SE OK AND LOWEST ACROSS OUR N/NW.

COLD AIR SHOULD BE LACKING FOR AT LEAST THE EARLY PHASES OF THIS
EVENT ON THU... BUT THE CANADIAN AIR WILL NOT GIVE UP AND ANOTHER
ARCTIC HIGH IS PROGGED TO RIDGE INTO THE N AND CENTRAL PLAINS BY
FRIDAY COURTESY OF AN AMPLIFYING TROUGH IN THE N BRANCH. THIS AIR
WILL GET AN ADDED TUG SOUTHWARD BY THE STRENGTHENING LOW IN THE
GULF. THAT AND AN INCREASE IN CLOUDS SHOULD BRING OUR HIGHS BACK
DOWN TO BELOW CLIMO BY THE END OF THE WEEK. ALL THIS RAISES THE
POSSIBILITY OF A CHANGEOVER TO WINTER-TYPE PRECIP - MOST LIKELY
RAIN TO SNOW - ON THE BACK SIDE OF THE PRECIP DURING THE LATTER
STAGES OF THE EVENT. PRECIP-TYPE PARAMETERS SUGGEST A POSSIBLE
CHANGE TO SNOW AS EARLY AS THU NIGHT IN OUR NW AND THEN
PROGRESSING SE FRI INTO SAT AS THE UPPER LOW PASSES TO OUR S/SE
AND COLDER AIR DEEPENS. GIVEN THE LOW-LATITUDE TRACK OF THE UPPER
LOW AND THE LACK OF AN ESTABLISHED SOURCE OF COLD AIR AT THE
ONSET... THIS IS NOT AN EVOLUTION THAT TYPICALLY WOULD FAVOR
SIGNIFICANT SNOW OR ICE IN OUR AREA. HOWEVER... THERE IS STILL
SOME POTENTIAL AND THIS ONE STILL NEEDS TO BE WATCHED. IF THE
EVOLUTION DEPICTED BY THE 00Z ECMWF IS CLOSE... S AND SE PARTS OF
THE CWA WOULD HAVE THE HIGHEST RISK OF MEANINGFUL SNOW FRIDAY
NIGHT INTO SATURDAY.

What does this mean for DFW? Is this all part of the same system?

[Portastorm]

What does this mean for DFW? Is this all part of the same system?

In short, yes.

Meanwhile, I find it interesting how every day the 12z GFS ends up warmer with systems affecting the Southern Plains than the 0z run. As I posted yesterday, this has been happening pretty much all winter so far.

[Ntxw]

Still looks pretty consistent so far with the EC

Edit: Also the canadian is showing signs of getting on-board this morning

Edit 2: Ec looks a bit warmer this go round

[srainhoutx]

EXTENDED FORECAST DISCUSSION
NWS HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER CAMP SPRINGS MD
145 PM EST SUN JAN 10 2010

VALID 12Z WED JAN 13 2010 - 12Z SUN JAN 17 2010

THE STRONG ZONAL FLOW ACROSS THE MID-LATITUDES OF THE CENTRAL
PACIFIC IS EXPECTED TO PREVAIL ENTERING THE MEDIUM RANGE PERIOD IN
RESPONSE TO INCREASED BAROCLINICITY FORMED BETWEEN CONSOLIDATING
UPPER LOWS OVER THE NORTHERN PACIFIC AND AN UPPER RIDGE NEAR THE
TROPICS. THE RESULTING FLOW THEN PROMOTES A GRADUAL SHIFT TOWARD A
MORE PROGRESSIVE...SPLIT-FLOW REGIME OVER THE CONUS FOR THE
REMAINDER OF THE PERIOD WHICH IS MORE TYPICAL OF EL NINO WINTERS.

FINAL HPC PRESSURES/FRONTS PROGS HAVE BEEN PRIMARILY DERIVED FROM
A 70/30 ECMWF/ECMWF ENSEMBLE MEAN BLEND...WITH THE ENSEMBLE MEAN
INCORPORATED TO ADDRESS UNCERTAINTY. WE SEE NO COMPELLING REASON
TO CHANGE HPC CONTINUITY SIGNIFICANTLY FOR THESE FINAL PROGS AFTER
CONSIDERATION OF LATEST 12 UTC MODEL AND ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE OTHER
THAN TO NOTE A TREND TOWARD MORE AMPLIFIED NRN STREAM FLOW AND
SLIGHTLY BETTER SUPPORT FOR SUBSEQUENT NRN/SRN STREAM INTERACTION
OVER THE ERN US NEXT WEEKEND...ALBEIT WITH LOW PREDICTABILITY.

WHILE LARGE-SCALE MODEL AGREEMENT IS QUITE GOOD...DETAIL
DIFFERENCES EXIST...ESPECIALLY WITH REGARDS TO INDIVIDUAL IMPULSES
EMBEDDED OR DEVELOPING WITHIN THE NORTHERN STREAM OVER
CANADA...WHICH WILL LIKELY PRODUCE PERIODIC COLD AIRMASS
INTRUSIONS ACROSS THE MIDWEST/MID-ATLANTIC AND NORTHEAST.
UNDERNEATH...MOST AREAS EAST OF THE ROCKIES SHOULD EXPERIENCE A
SIGNIFICANT WARMING TREND. DUE TO UNCERTAINTY...RECOMMEND STAYING
NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE GUIDANCE ENVELOPE REGARDING THE NORTHERN
STREAM...WHICH IS CLOSEST THE 00 UTC ECMWF/ECMWF ENSEMBLES AND
FARTHEST FROM THE FASTER 00 UTC GFS.

MEANWHILE...A PRIMARY SYSTEM TO BE CONCERNED WITH INVOLVES AN
AMPLIFYING SHORTWAVE TROUGH TO CALIFORNIA/SW US THROUGH MIDWEEK
THAT EVOLVES INTO A LARGE CLOSED LOW OVER NORTHERN MEXICO/TX INTO
FRI BEFORE EJECTING ACROSS THE SRN/SERN US IN RESPONSE TO
ADDITIONAL KICKER UPPER LOW ENERGIES REACHING CALIFORNIA. THE 00
UTC GFS WAS CONSIDERED A LITTLE TOO FAST WITH BOTH OF THESE
SENSIBLE WEATHER FOCUSING UPPER LOWS AND ASSOCIATED SURFACE
SYSTEMS...WITH SUPPORT OF THE SLOWER 00 UTC ECMWF PROVIDED BY THE
00 UTC UKMET/CANADIAN AND MANY 00 UTC GLOBAL ENSEMBLE MEMBERS.
THESE SYSTEMS HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE A WIDESPREAD PCPN PRODUCER
WITH WRN US PASSAGE AND DOWNSTREAM AS DEEPER MOISTURE IS PULLED
INLAND FROM THE GULF OF MEX THEN ATLANTIC. IN THIS PATTERN...IT
REMAINS INTERESTING TO SEE HOW THE NRN FRINGE OF PCPN IN THE
SRN/SERN/MID-ATLANTIC STATES INTERACTS WITH THE SRN FRINGE OF THE
NRN STREAM COLD AIRMASS BY NEXT WEEKEND AS THE PARENT GULF LOW
EJECTS AND TRANSFERS ENERGY DOWNSTREAM...EVENTAULLY INTO AN
ORGANIZED COASTAL LOW. THE 00 UTC ECMWF/GFS/CANADIAN/NAEFS
ENSEMBLES...EXPERIMENTAL HIGHER RESOLUTION GFS ENSEMBLES...00 UTC
GFS/CANADIAN...AND 06 UTC DGEX OFFER HEAVY PCPN SHIELDS THAT NOT
NEARLY AS SUPPRESSED AS THE 00 UTC ECMWF OR 06 UTC GFS. HPC PROGS
WERE MANUALLY ADJUSTED A BIT EXTRA TO ACCOUNT FOR THIS LESS
SUPPRESSED SCENARIO. THIS TREND NOW SEEMS SUPPORTED BY THE BULK
OF LATEST 12 UTC MODEL AND ENSEMBLE GUIDANCE...BUT PHASING AT
THESE LONG TIME FRAMES CAN HAVE LOW PREDICTABILITY EVEN IN THE
FACE OF GUIDANCE TRENDS.
JAMES/SCHICHTEL

[Ntxw]

Srainhoutx! You need to break this down for us less-educated folks with lack of meteorological terminology

[srainhoutx]

Keep an eye from Amarillo to just S of Abilene and points ENE. We'll see what happens over the next couple of days via guidance. If the trends continue there may be some wintry precip issues for the areas I pointed out IMHO.

[serenata09]

Srainhoutx! You need to break this down for us less-educated folks with lack of meteorological terminology

AGREED!

[txagwxman]

Looking at the latest ECMWF/GFS I would say no it won't snow in Austin/Houston...I just don't think there will be enough cold air to work with. But still a long ways out, and will watch.

[gofrogs]

Yeah but i think it could in the dfw area and the fact that the models are ever so surley treding cooler acutally colder with this storm i like the chances.

[Ntxw]

Kind of hard to tell with lack of detailed information, but it looks to me the EC pulls it a bit north and slightly west into the gulf coast compared to it's previous.

[Portastorm]

IMHO, we in Texas need to start thinking about this storm with a baseline of expectation. To me the baseline is unless you live in the area from Abilene to Amarillo (as suggested by both srainhoutx and txagwxman, your chances of snow or ice with this system aren't very good. They get worse the further south and east you go from that area. The rest of us will get rain and maybe A LOT of it!

It's also likely that the models will go back and forth on this system until we get to about 72 hours out on the event. At that time, we'll have much better upper-air data on the system and the models should be in much better form. It is at that point where the Abilene-to-Amarillo area may expand or contract depending on what we see. Just sayin' ...

Seasoned pro mets like wxman57 and txagwxman along with other pro mets on other forums, however, are also saying that there is still a lot of potential variability with the model scenarios. Lots to watch and, once again, will be a fun week here on the board!

[Ntxw]

I agree with you completely. However, I do think with it being January (one of the coldest time period climatologically for Texas) and a potential powerhouse of a system, it's difficult to think that there won't be some sort of trouble looming. Also yes the Abilene to Amarillo line is best call for wintry weather right now, but if it expands further east\south that is where the majority of the moisture would be (therefore upping the possibility of a more significant scenario there as compared to further north\west). Just my two cents

[attallaman]

Will you guys in Texas be looking at very cold temperatures next week like this past week? Will your storm system make it's way to my neck of the woods? I'm ready for warmer temps. Worrying about my pipes has made me grow a few more gray hairs. My 48 year old house just isn't built for 17F lows in the early morning hours.

[gofrogs]

Wheres mssateguy in all this mess.

[Ntxw]

Maybe classes has started again for him. And to attallaman, right now you should be looking for a very heavy rain possibility towards the end of the week, nothing frozen or really cold that far south.

[Portastorm]

Nice afternoon AFD from my homeboys at NWSFO Austin/San Antonio:

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE AUSTIN/SAN ANTONIO TX
308 PM CST SUN JAN 10 2010

.DISCUSSION...

DRY NORTHWEST FLOW WILL CONTINUE TONIGHT AND EARLY MONDAY BEFORE
CHANGES START TAKING SHAPE FOR THE REST OF THE WEEK. A TROF AXIS
FROM NEVADA TO BAJA WILL MOVE SE AND INTO THE STATE LATE MON INTO
TUE...BRINGING MAINLY CLOUDCOVER TO THE AREA. THESE HIGH CLOUDS
WILL START TO AFFECT THE AREA TONIGHT...AND DEPENDING ON HOW THICK
MAY AFFECT THE OVERNIGHT FORECAST LOWS. LATER SHIFTS MAY HAVE TO
WARM MINS TONIGHT IF CIRRUS GETS FAIRLY THICK. WITHOUT THE STRONG
COLD AIR ADVECTION WE HAVE SEEN THE PAST FEW DAYS...AIRMASS WILL
CONTINUE TO MODIFY MON AND TUE WITH HIGHS FORECAST IN THE 50S.
TONIGHT WILL LIKELY BE THE LAST NIGHT BELOW FREEZING FOR AT LEAST
THE NEXT SEVERAL DAYS.

IN THE MEANTIME A WEAK CLIPPER OVER THE GREAT LAKES WILL RELEASE
A SURFACE HIGH OVER THE PLAINS...ALLOWING THE SYSTEM TO MOVE SOUTH
INTO TEXAS ON TUE WITH A SMALL AND BRIEF REINFORCING SHOT OF COOL
HIGH PRESSURE. AS THE SURFACE HIGH SHIFTS QUICKLY EAST TUE NIGHT
INTO WED... SOUTHERLY WINDS WILL RETURN TO THE AREA AS THE NEXT
MAJOR WEATHER MAKER APPROACHES FROM THE WEST.

A TROF FROM THE PACIFIC WILL DIG ALONG THE WEST COAST AND INTO
CENTRAL MEXICO ON THURSDAY. HEIGHT ANOMALIES WITH THIS STORM OVER
MEXICO ARE EXTREMELY IMPRESSIVE...SHOWING THE POTENTIAL FOR BEING
A HUGE WEATHER MAKER. AS OF RIGHT NOW...LOOKS TO BE IN THE FORM OF
VERY HEAVY RAINFALL ACROSS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE STATE AS THE
SYSTEM PULLS UP COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF MOISTURE FROM THE SOUTH AND
OVERRUNS THE COOLER DOME AT THE SURFACE. ISENTROPIC ANALYSIS SHOWS
50-60 KT OF OVERRUNNING MID LEVEL WINDS LATE THU INTO FRI AS THE
DEEP UPPER LOW AND ASSOCIATED SURFACE LOW MOVE UP THE TEXAS COAST
INTO LA BY EARLY SAT. HARD TO PIN DOWN EXACT TIMING THIS FAR
OUT...BUT BASED ON THE 12Z GFS...RAIN INCREASING ON THU WITH
HEAVIEST AMOUNTS ON FRI. GFS IS DEVELOPING VERY GENEROUS QPF OVER
CENTRAL AND SOUTH CENTRAL TEXAS...LATEST RUN SHOWING 4 PLUS
INCHES...LESS WEST OF I-35.

THIS TIME OF YEAR AND BASED ON HOW COLD IT HAS BEEN LATELY...HAVE TO
KEEP IN MIND THE SMALL CHANCE THAT BACKSIDE WRAP AROUND PRECIP COULD
START TO MIX WITH WINTER TYPE PRECIP AS THE STORM EXITS EAST.
GFS IS A LITTLE TOO WARM TO GET ANY WIDESPREAD WINTER
PRECIP...BUT WILL HAVE TO WATCH MODEL TRENDS AND COLD AIR TO THE
NORTH MID WEEK TO SEE IF ANY OF THIS CAN MAKE IT DOWN SOUTH. GFS
IS ALREADY SHOWING SOME MINUS 850 TEMPS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS LATE
FRI NIGHT. SCENARIO WARRANTS MENTION IN THE HWO FOR NOW. THE 12Z
EUROPEAN HAS A BETTER WINTER TYPE SCENARIO FOR US WITH COLDER
THICKNESSES AND A TRACK OF THE UPPER LOW MOVING RIGHT OVER SOUTH
CENTRAL TEXAS. DEFINITELY BEARS WATCH.

[BrokenGlass]

Meanwhile, the FW AFD says rain only...

197
fxus64 kfwd 102105
afdfwd


Area forecast discussion
National Weather Service Fort Worth Texas
305 PM CST sun Jan 10 2010


Discussion...
a warming trend will continue across North Texas for much of the
week as an upper level ridge builds in from the west and southerly
winds return in response to a series of troughs in the west. Low
level moisture will be slow to return due to the passage of a
weak cold front Monday night which will temporarily turn the wind
to the north. However...the cold front will do little more than
keep dry air in place Monday night and Tuesday. Low level moisture
will increase Tuesday night as a low pressure system deepens in
the west. Large scale lift will be on the increase Wednesday and a
few showers may develop...especially in the southern zones where
low level moisture will be most abundant. The upper pattern will
become diffluent over North Texas Wednesday night and Thursday as
the powerful upper trough rotates across Mexico. The combination
of lift and moisture will bring a good chance of showers to North
Texas. Some of the showers may contain heavy rainfall as
precipitable water values approach one inch...especially in the
southern zones. Rainfall will continue through Friday as the upper
low moves along the Texas coast and cold front moves across the
region. Rain chances will end from west to east Saturday as the
low pressure system moves into the southeastern states and
subsidence increases across North Texas. Overall...this system
should bring abundant rainfall...especially to south Texas. Some
flooding problems are possible if the system moves as prognosticated by
the models.


79


&&

[Ntxw]

That's probably the safe thing to presume right now. But possibly expect a bigger surprise should things come together in the back of your mind

[vbhoutex]

As much as a massive snow dump excites a lot of us Southerners(we don't think about the real mess until we have to deal with it)I am more concerned with the possible major rainfall amounts and possible severe weather a system like this might generate. I do think the models are still under doing the cold with this system, but at this point I see no reason to raise alarms concerning snowfall/winter precip any further South than the areas already mentioned. Even though the 18z GFS is showing a major wraparound with this I am not ready to latch on till it looks like we will have cold air at all levels.

[srainhoutx]

As much as a massive snow dump excites a lot of us Southerners(we don't think about the real mess until we have to deal with it)I am more concerned with the possible major rainfall amounts and possible severe weather a system like this might generate. I do think the models are still under doing the cold with this system, but at this point I see no reason to raise alarms concerning snowfall/winter precip any further South than the areas already mentioned. Even though the 18z GFS is showing a major wraparound with this I am not ready to latch on till it looks like we will have cold air at all levels.

I agree David. What continues to raise an eyebrow is how slow moving the Upper Low looks to be as the surface low develops in the NW GOM. Bears watching IMHO. The windy statement from HGX is concerning as well. This has a potential to be a big trouble maker for TX....

AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
332 PM CST SUN JAN 10 2010

.DISCUSSION...
ANOTHER COLD NIGHT IS IN STORE FOR SE TX TONIGHT. ALTHOUGH THE AIR
MASS HAS MODIFIED SLIGHTLY...IT APPEARS THAT THE EFFECTS WILL ONLY
BE FOR SLIGHTLY WARMER TEMPERATURES MAINLY ALONG THE COAST AND
ONLY 1 TO 3 DEGREES WARMER OVER THE INLAND AREAS. BECAUSE AN
OVERNIGHT LOW TEMPERATURE OF UNDER 25 DEGREES IS EXPECTED...A HARD
FREEZE WARNING HAS BEEN ISSUED FOR ALL THE INLAND COUNTIES.

THE SURFACE HIGH PRESSURE WILL BE SLOW TO MOVE OUT OF THE AREA.
THINGS WILL MODIFY MUCH MORE TOMORROW AND ONLY EXPECT AREAS EAST
OF A LINE FROM MADISONVILLE TO LIVINGSTON WILL LIKELY EXPERIENCE
BELOW FREEZING TEMPERATURES MONDAY NIGHT. THE HIGH PRESSURE SHOULD
KEEP THE RAIN CHANCES NIL OVER SE TX UNTIL WEDNESDAY NIGHT.

DURING THE LATE WEEK PERIOD...THE MAIN WEATHER CHALLENGE WILL BE
CONNECTED WITH THE UPPER LOW AND COASTAL SURFACE LOW THAT WILL
AFFECT THE AREA. THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ECMWF AND
GFS BUT BOTH DEEPEN THE SURFACE LOW QUITE A BIT AS IT MOVES ACROSS
THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO. THERE IS A GOOD CHANCE THAT VERY
BREEZY CONDITIONS WILL DEVELOP...ESPECIALLY IF THE GFS PANS OUT.
THE ECMWF KEEPS THE SURFACE LOW CLOSER TO THE COAST AND THE UPPER
LOW OVER THE COASTAL PLAIN WHILE THE GFS KEEPS BOTH OFF THE COAST.
KEPT THE RAIN CHANCES PRETTY MUCH THE SAME FOR THURSDAY AND FRIDAY
BUT DID ADJUST THE NUMBERS UPWARD OVER THE WEEKEND. SATURDAY NIGHT
AND SUNDAY MAY EXPERIENCE WRAP AROUND AND THE MODEL SOUNDINGS ARE
EVEN HINTING AT A COLDER AIR MASS POSSIBLY DEVELOPING OVER THE
NORTHERN COUNTIES BOTH TIME PERIODS. FOR NOW IT LOOKS LIKE A VERY
COLD RAIN ENDING AS THE LOW EXITS OUT TO THE NORTHEAST.