Hardiness of old (pre-'70s/'80s structures) in south FloridaBartlett Estate (also known as Bonnet House), Fort Lauderdale, Florida:
http://www.wegoplaces.com/User%20Interface/Images/Itinerary%20Item%20Images/59035.jpgNote the plantation style layout with open balconies. This structure was specifically designed with the moderating sea breezes in mind; keep in mind that this structure was completed in the (pre-A/C) year of 1926. The open balconies and ground floors could reduce obstacle flow, and the concrete utilized for the support and walls adds significant strength to the building. A wide variety of additional materials were incorporated, including real south FL
Taxodium (bald cypress) wood, oolitic limestone for the front "fish" arch, etc. The 1926 Miami hurricane produced maximum sustained winds as high as Category 2 intensity (85 kt/100 mph) in streaks across the Hollywood/Fort Lauderdale area; the majority of the region received Category 1 winds that were comparable to Wilma's winds (or slightly stronger) in the area, though Wilma did produce localized 85 kt (Cat 2) winds in portions of Broward County as well. The Bartlett Estate was slightly farther north than the localized Category 2 streaks to the south and west, but it likely received solid Category 1 winds. It is significant that the sole damage to the main structure was roofing damage. Later, this was the case in Katrina and Wilma (2005). The structure ITSELF remained untouched in these three examples, as well as the 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane, which crossed the site in September.
The Barnacle, Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida:
http://www.floridastateparks.org/TheBarnacle/default.cfmThe Barnacle is a testament to the typical (sturdier) construction in the early days of south Florida. Dade County pine (
Pinus elliottii var. densa; slash pine) was extensively utilized in the "heart" of this structure, which was completed in the 1890s. The duration and strength of slash pine wood is excellent, and it has been the standard for many south FL structures.
Some photographs illustrate the slash pine beams that were utilized for portions of the interior and exterior. The 1926 hurricane passed directly over over the site, and the structure was exposed to the 14 foot storm surge and the TC's eyewall. The site received winds of at least solid Category 2 intensity (1-min) on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; although some boat houses were wrecked, the Barnacle itself remained intact. When Andrew produced winds near Category 2 intensity and passed immediately south of the site (with the eyewall narrowly missing it), the residence survived very well again. Another example of solid slash pine construction is the Stranahan House (see
this site and
site #2) in Fort Lauderdale, which has survived Category 1 winds in 1926, 2005, and a few additional seasons. Note that the Barnacle and Stranahan residences also exhibit a layout that minimizes obstacle flow to various degrees as well.
Many older residences in Key West also exemplify the strength of old growth Dade County/south FL slash pines:
http://keywestproperties.blogspot.com/2007/12/this-old-house.htmlDeering Estate, Cutler, Florida:
http://www.deeringestate.com/The main structure was partially composed of solid stucco, and it staunchly survived the northern eyewall of Hurricane Andrew (and the adjacent 15-16 foot storm surge) in 1992, although the grounds and interior of the structure received extensive damages. Water intrusion was an issue. More than eight years passed before the main structure was successfully opened to the public. The following photograph vividly demonstrates the solid construction of the main residence (center) after Andrew's passage. Note that the site was very close to Andrew's maximum Category 5 winds (1-min) along the immediate coastline between the Burger King Headquarters and Fender Point. Obviously, all regions around the eyewall (from South Miami to the south of Homestead/Florida City) were hit hard, and many areas received 1-min winds that solidly exceeded Category 2 intensity and crept into major hurricane status (Cat 3/4 inland).
http://criticalmiami.com/photos/2008/deering/02.jpgI believe the Kampong (see
site) survived as well, though structural damage to the main building was more significant in this case, if I recall correctly.
In conclusion, several common features of the aforementioned pre-'70s/'80s structures include "hip" roofs (in several cases), open balconies/ground floors (in several cases) with less obstacle flow, durable/strong materials (such as stucco, south FL slash pine wood, etc.), and other facets. The majority of the structures were designed with the hazards of tropical cyclones in mind. Overall, these structures (in addition to post-Andrew buildings) are much more "equipped" to stand against hurricane force winds (1-min) with less structural damage.