Cape Verde wrote:There is a common misconception that the oil industry sets prices. If that were so, oil wouldn't have been under $10 per barrel is 1999 sending many companies belly up.<P>Oil prices are set the same way the price of gold, pork bellies, and corn is set -- in the commodity pits of the NYMEX.<P>Perceived supply and demand.<P>Can speculators drive up the price of oil and gasoline further than justified? Of course. But that can only be a temporary phenomenon because market forces always prevail in the long run.<P>If anyone is to blame for the current high oil prices, it is China. They were a net exporter of crude oil 10 years ago. But now their citizens are trading in their bicycles for cars, and they have a billion citizens. They now import oil, and we are competing with them for those barrels. That drives the price up.
You’re right on the money, Cape Verde.
I extensively researched this topic last year while pursuing undergraduate coursework in international relations/economics.
What I was able to determine through my study of this problem is that the rising petroleum prices we are currently experiencing are not a trend, but a pattern—brought about in large part by China’s rapid industrialization. It is unlikely that prices will greatly fluctuate, as they did in the 70s, but rather continue to escalate as supplies dwindle.
There are many factors which contribute to our current problem. To begin with, there have been no major discoveries of oil reserves in the U.S. since the 1970s, and very few major discoveries worldwide since that time. Last year, the world hit “peak” oil production—the production point at which one half of the world’s oil reserves have been depleted. Meanwhile, consumption continues to escalate. For years, the U.S. has been the largest consumer of petroleum, with Japan being the second largest consumer. Last year, China—who had previously been a net exporter of petroleum products—surpassed Japan and became the second largest consumer of petroleum products in the world.
China is, quite obviously, going through a period of rapid industrialization, much as the U.S. did in the 19th century. What makes China’s industrialization different than our own is that China’s industrialization is taking place after heavy population has already taken place. All other industrialization has occurred in rather sparsely populated nations, where the population gradually increased as industrialization occurred.
Think about this—agricultural communities are only able to support “x” number of people, because they can only produce enough commodities to support “x” number of people. But industry—and specifically export industry—can support far more people per square mile of production than can agriculture. Industrial goods are traded for food goods, with profit left over for continued economic/industrial expansion and other needs.
Because China is already heavily populated, its industrial expansion is causing some rather unique problems. Whereas U.S. industrialization resulted in gradual population increases as industry’s demand for labor increased, China’s industrialization is occurring much more rapidly. Because industry is far more profitable than agriculture, farmers are abandoning their land in droves to seek employment in industrial areas. And industry is beginning to swallow up this abandoned farmland to support its continued expansion. What you end up with is more heavily populated urban areas being supported by more sparsely farmed rural areas.
Basically, a nation needs three things in order to support rapid industrialization—petroleum, food, and people. China already has the manpower (people), and we are already seeing the increased demand for petroleum. But in the very near future we will begin to see China’s increased demand for food. Because, simply put, China cannot support its population with its own food production capabilities.
If anybody is interested, there is a very interesting book on this topic by Lester R. Brown—a noted environmental economist—called “Who Will Feed China?: Wake-Up Call for a Small Planet.” Mr. Brown has extensively studied the effects of industrialization upon food consumption. What he discovered is that dietary changes occur right along with industrialization. Whereas China’s population previously consumed rice and fish as its staple foods, industrial wealth brings about an increased demand for poultry, pork, and beef. Of course, in order to raise poultry, pork, and beef you need grain—and lots of it. Mr. Brown theorizes—and quite accurately I think—that, as China’s industrialization unfolds, we will see a dramatic increase in demand for grain. In the not-so-distant future, this demand will begin to outstrip world supplies. Just as oil prices are now, food prices will begin to spiral out of control. Ultimately, this global competition over petroleum and food products could lead to WWIII.
I’m not trying to be a fatalist here—just making you all aware of the results of my research in this area.
As has been said, this all boils down to supply and demand—or, at least, perceived supply and demand. But rising oil prices are just the beginning. There are more serious problems for the world looming just over the horizon. And unless we begin addressing these problems now, all hell is going to break loose in the next couple of decades.